Taxation

Taxation

The UK’s Office of Tax Simplification (OTS)¹ has recently been conducting a review of employee benefits and expenses. It published its final report in July this year².

OTS reviewed most benefits-in-kind (BIK) in their earlier reports. In this final report they concentrated on “Accommodation Benefits”.

The basic rules for taxing (or exempting) accommodation benefits were covered in the ACCA F6 Study Manual in Chapter 3. The Study Manual dealt with this in less than 3 pages, whereas OTS took a whole chapter of 23 pages (plus appendices) to discuss this benefit; the legislation contains lots of small print³ and HMRC’s own staff are given substantial guidance on applying the rules⁴. The subject is a lot more complex than you may have inferred from your studies.

An introductory tax course – or foundation-level professional examination paper – can only ever give an introduction to the fundamental rules of the tax system. They can only provide the basics to enable a student to begin to master the details of the subject.

One of the most important things to be developed at Year 3 of an honours degree course is an appreciation of the limits of our knowledge. Recognising what we don’t know is often more important that we what do actually know (or at least thing we know). This is also important in professional life. One of the main ethical requirements of tax professionals in the UK is that they must be ready to identify circumstances where they are not sufficiently knowledgeable to give advice. But to be in a position to recognise that requires a deep understanding of the discipline of taxation; the most respected figures within the tax profession are those experts who are most ready to seek the advice of others on matters outside their particular areas of expertise. The same will apply no matter what profession you enter after graduating.

One of the main purposes of the tasks set out on the next two pages is to help you appreciate the limits of your learning and to recognise how things can get much more complicated once we have to start considering the fine details. Although we are asking you to look at one small aspect of the UK tax system, similar issues apply in all other jurisdictions and in all other disciplines. The skills involved in researching and in explaining your findings clearly to different audiences will be relevant to whatever profession you decide to enter.

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

Task 1 (40 Marks)

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

CREATE A SUMMARY of the rules and practice relating to the exemption of job-related accommodation from a charge to UK income tax.

Your Summary should be no longer than one sheet (two sides) of A4 paper.

It should be written so that an inexperienced colleague could use it as an aide memoire in a meeting with a new client.

The Summary does not need to include all the answers but it does need to be sufficient to ensure that all relevant questions are asked of the client (and irrelevant questions kept to a minimum).

Referencing

The Summary should include brief references to legislation, official guidance etc. These need to be just sufficient for a user to be able quickly to check on the details of the rules.

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

You should use sources which your colleague could readily access at their desk, for example

·  Legislation (in particular, ITEPA2003)

·  HMRC publications, such as Booklet 480 and the Employment Income Manual (EIM)

·  Professional tax tables (produced by publishers such as CCH, Tolleys and Bloomsbury)

Training manuals, textbooks and study guides are not appropriate reference material. They rarely have sufficient detail and cannot be relied upon to reflect the most recent changes to the law or HMRC practice. These publications are generally written to help the user prepare for a particular exam. To do this efficiently they have to restrict their scope to the syllabus being examined and the rules in force at the time the exam was set, which may be a year or more before the actual sitting.

Academic referencing (such as "Harvard") is not required. It is unlikely to assist the user of your document.

1You can find details of the work of the

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

Additional material

If you wish, you may also submit up to 1,000 words to explain the decisions you have made in preparing your Summary. For example, you may have:

·  been uncertain whether or not to include a particular point,

·  had to choose between two or more reference sources, or

·  used a novel way of presenting your information (perhaps a diagram of a sort not normally seen in accounting texts)

You can explain here how you came to make your final decision. Even if aspects of your Summary are not what the marker was expecting to see, you will still receive full credit if you have presented a sound argument in support of your work.

Marks

20 marks are available for the accuracy and completeness of the technical material.

20 marks are available for the presentation and usability of your Summary.

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

Task 2 (60 marks)

In Annex C of their report⁵, OTS provided some international comparisons of accommodation benefit.

OTS gave brief reports on seven other jurisdictions

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

·  Australia

·  France

·  Italy

·  New Zealand

·  Ireland

·  Canada

·  USA

There will be many other countries that OTS would have liked to have looked at if they had had the time and resources. OTS recognise that the UK can learn lessons from anywhere in the world.

This task requires you to research the taxation of accommodation benefits in a jurisdiction that OTS have not included in their report. You may find this exercise most beneficial if you research a country in which you intend to live or work once you have graduated. If you intend to live and work in the UK, choose whichever other country you find most interesting.1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

1.      DRAFT A REPORT on the taxation of living accommodation in your chosen jurisdiction. Use the same style as OTS have used in Annex C of their report (25 marks)

2.      DISCUSS how far the taxation of employee benefits-in-kind in your chosen jurisdiction is consistent with Adam Smith’s “canons of taxation” (Equity, Certainty, Convenience, Efficiency) Word limit 1,500 words for this part. (25 marks)

3.      STATE which sources of tax information you would rely on for your chosen jurisdiction, if you were acting as:

1.      An employee

2.      An employer

3.      A tax adviser

and briefly EXPLAIN the reason for your choices for each role. (10 marks)

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

Referencing

For this Task, follow the style of referencing used by OTS in their report. Note in particular:

·  The use of footnote and hyperlinks

·  The way legislation is presented in the text.

Research Diary

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

You may submit a copy of your research diary or journal. You may find some information difficult or impossible to find. You will still receive credit even if your actual report is incomplete, so long as you can demonstrate in your diary that you have searched for the information in an appropriate way. There is no word limit for the diary. Use whatever level of detail is most helpful to you.

1You can find details of the work of the OTS on its website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-tax-simplification

2The Report can be downloaded here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

3Part3, Chapter 5 ITEPA2003 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/1/part/3/chapter/5

4HMC, Employment Income Manual EIM11200 onwards

http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/eimanual/EIM11300.htm

5https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-employee-benefits-and-expenses-final-report

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To what extent does Internet shopping affect the sales of High street shopping?

Guidelines
Topic requirements:

Working individually, you will either prepare a business report working on the topic from Assignment 1 which is: To what extent does Internet shopping affect the sales of High street shopping?

For this assessment, you are expected to collect primary empirical data. Write up your research by using the guidelines given below. You should also look at the marking criteria (see below) to see what is expected from each section of the proposal and the balance between sections. Be aware that most of the marks for this report are awarded for the analysis and conclusions you research.

-The content of your report.
Title page (including name of all group members, date of submission, course, title of course work).
-Introduction – this short section should offer rationale for your chosen topic.
-Report topic/question. Aims and objectives - These must --be succinct, achievable and coherent.
-Literature review – a short review of the literature which sets out relevant concepts and ideas you plan to utilise in your empirical study. You should include 5 academic sources in this section.
-Methodology/methods – short methodology section focusing primarily on research design. Briefly outline the population, sampling and research methods. Also state your proposed data analysis technique.
Findings and analysis
Conclusions

N.B –data collection is necessary for this piece of work.
Formatting advice

Sub-headings should be used to separate main sections.
Sources of all research information must be clearly cited in the text.
You are expected to use the Harvard referencing style. All sources of ideas other than your own in the report must be properly cited.
A separate references list must be included, with entries in alphabetical order.
Appendices are also allowed.
Text must be written in clear English
Finished assignment will be well organized
Finished assignments will demonstrate clear evidence of the group’s understanding of research methods and how they can be applied in practice

Presentation of the report
NB (The notes below refer to how the report looks. There is no oral presentation of this report in class).

Reports must be word processed
Line spacing: EITHER 1.5 lines OR double spaced
Font: EITHER Ariel 12 OR Times New Roman 12
Tables, charts and/or graphs may be used
Reports must be spell checked
Word count for the main text must be included



Section/word count/ weighting
Details:
Marker’s remarks and grade
INTITAL PAGES

Not included in word count

Title page (inc your name, date of submission, course, title of course work)
Table of Contents

SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION

Approx. 200 - 300 words

(15%)

The introduction should:
Briefly explain your topic and why you selected it; provide relevant background to the topic selected; state clearly the research aim/question and research objectives.

SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Approx.: 150 - 250 words

(10%)
In this section, you are required to provide a brief review of relevant literature, i.e. what are the main issue (s) of contention, concept you will utilise in your empirical study.

Provide a correct in-text citations using Harvard Referencing style

SECTION 3: METHODOLOGY
Approx. 100 – 150 words
(10%)
The research methodology needs briefly to explain the main steps in your primary research, including the sampling method, the research methods, i.e. how primary data was gathered and then analysed.

SECTION 4:
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Approx. 600 – 700 words

(30%)

This section should present and evaluate your findings from the analysis of your primary data. For quantitative data (e.g. from a questionnaire survey), this should take the form of suitable tables or charts, accompanied by relevant analysis/interpretation.

For qualitative data (e.g. from semi-structured interviews), the content of the material needs to be evaluated using other suitable forms of analysis. It should also include comparisons with the literature where appropriate and discussion of any unexpected/unique findings.

The results should be presented in an organised, logical and coherent manner.

SECTION 5: CONCLUSIONS

Approx. 500 – 600 words

(30%)
The conclusions should set out your findings on the research question/aim and objectives you set yourself in the Introduction. Your conclusions should be backed by evidence from your literature review and analysis of your primary data.

PRESENTATION

(5%)
Present your report in a way that demonstrates your professional approach to this assignment. Observe the word limit; show an effective organisation, logical structure and accurate referencing. Make sure you have good spelling and grammar and careful proofreading; Effective use of tables, graphs and appendices.

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Ethics in healthcare

Ethics in Healthcare
In this assignment, you will study the role of ethics in healthcare.
Discussion Question 1
Read the following article from the ProQuest database on South University Online Library. It will help you address the question better.
Cassell, J. & Young, A. (2002). Why we should not seek individual informed consent
for participation in health services research. J Med Ethics, 28(5), 313-317.

Ethics guidelines now require that individuals give informed consent to participate in research. Existing ethical guidelines do not help us decide how to seek consent and have allowed managerial experimentation to remain unchecked.

Based on your understanding of the topic and the article, answer the following question:

Do you think that alternative forms of community consent should be actively pursued? Why or why not? How would you feel if your medical records were examined and included in research without your consent based on an illness in the past?

Discussion Question 2

Scenario

Mrs. Jones is a forty five-year-old multiparous woman who has been healthy all her life. She is in active labor with her fourth child, but shortly after labor began she suffered severe hemorrhage, loss of consciousness, and hypotension. Her blood pressure normalized when intravenous saline was given, but the loss of consciousness and bleeding continued. Her hematocrit is now dangerously low at 18%. Immediate blood transfusions are medically indicated and it is likely that the bleeding will continue unless surgery is performed. Mrs. Jones identified herself as a Jehovah's witness. She has always been capable of making her own decisions and had stated previously because of religious beliefs, she could not receive blood transfusions under any circumstances. The obstetrician explains to her husband that her life is in danger and he cannot be responsible by this prohibition against transfusing of blood. Mrs. Jones is unconscious. Her husband told the doctor to proceed with treatment to save his wife and child without her consent, even though his wife was adamant about no blood transfusion because of religious beliefs. A nurse was present when Mrs. Jones stated she wanted no transfusion. This was not documented in the chart.

Based on the scenario, answer the following questions:
•Should the physician continue without her consent even though she was adamant about no blood transfusions?
•Would the elements of informed consent be met? Why or why not?

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Corporate Financial Theory

Instructions to writer: These rules should be followed or paper wouldn’t be accepted/returned for revision.
Writer must know how to use the following programs: (Excel, Charts (power point))
1.    Paragraph Limitation:
•    Each paragraph must not exceed 6-7 lines.
i.    Note: Introduction can’t exceed 2 paragraphs as well.
•    Font: New roman
•    Size: 12
•    Spacing: Double Spaced
•    Referencing: Harvard Referencing
2.    Referencing:
•    Referencing must not be “in- progress”.
•    Max 12 Reference
3.    Plagiarism:
•    Must not exceed 6%
•    Information must not be Re-cycled from other online sources or (identical) previous work. “re-phrased”
4.    Table and Charts:
•    Must be provided for every Approach, Section B (1,2,3) and Section C
i.    Section B: Charts must be analyzed to further improve explanation.
ii.    Section C: Overall Chart (line/Better) that Indicates which approach is better and in what terms, Linking it to previous ones (Section B); Compare and contrast
5.    Sub-Heading:
•    Every Sections must be provided with a sub-heading to indicate what that essay will talk about;
i.    for example; In section B-B1; heading for:
1.    NPV
2.    Calculation giving a real Scenario example
3.    Choose the best within...
4.    Why is it the best
a.    (Compare & contrast)
6.    Construction of the essay:
•    Using these 3 approaches (NPV, Payback method, IRR) to determine the best method in 3 different scenarios.
•    Create a table (excel) Scenario: Must be 3 different scenario.
i.    Will be provided Picture: See attachment
1.    Note: Choose different numbers from that picture, due to be being a copy from someplace.
2.    Compare Section B: 1,2,3
•    Section C: Compare and contrast critical analysis
Essay Assignment:
Explain the theoretical rationale for the NPV (Net Present Value) approach to investment appraisal and compare the strengths and weaknesses of the NPV approach to two other commonly used approaches.
3000 words
Extra guidelines:
1.    Within the introduction, introduce the different methods (all of them), then say that you will pick the 3 forms, NPV, IRR, payback method.

2.    “Example – calculation” & “Choose the best”?

a.    This is for the Scenarios, that you will ‘come-up with’. Provide 3 to 4 with different numbers. Rates, amount etc.
i.    Remember that these scenarios (3-4); should be implemented for all approaches
ii.    I would like to see a graph for each, since it has different ways to calculations, including a line or better graph for section C to show the comparison. With more gain, risk, or borrow etc.
3.    Referencing
a.    I would like you to use these ‘some’ of these references from these books,
4.    Critical
a.    I believe that critical writing should be in section C, hence that everything is basic descriptive.
i.    Also try linking them, would be better if it was let say…..
1.    “ Company X, adapting investment one … “
The essential text book for this course is:
Hillier, D. et al., Corporate Finance, European edition, 2013, McGraw-Hill Irwin (customized textbook).
There are some alternatives:
1.    Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P., Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3e, PEARSON, 2014.

2.    Ross, Stephen A., Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey F. Jaffe, and Bradford D. Jordan, Modern Financial Management, McGraw-Hill, 2008.

3.    Arnold, G., Corporate Financial Management, PEARSON, 2012.

4.    Brealey, R. and Myers, S., Principles of Corporate Finance, McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Intermediate Macroeconomics

Part I 
Using U.K. Data
1.    Find the GDP data at National Statistics located at:

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?table-id=A2&dataset=ukea
and choose the Table 1.1.2: Gross domestic product: by category of expenditure. 

2.  Choose the variables: 

(a) NMRK

General Government: Final consumption expenditure (P3): CP NSA £ m
 (b) NPQX

Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation CP NSA £ m

(c) BKTL

Gross Domestic Product at market prices: Current price: CP NSA £ m
(d) NMRU

General Government: Final consumption expenditure: P3: CVM £ m

(e) NPQR

Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation CVM NSA £ m

(f) BKVT

Gross Domestic Product: : CVM NSA £ m
3. Save the annual data only for the years 1948-2013.
a) (2 marks) Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditure NMRK on the hor- izontal axis and gross Öxed capital formation (investment) NPQX on the vertical axis. (current prices).
b) (2 marks) Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditure NMRU on the horizontal axis and gross Öxed capital formation (investment) NPQR on the vertical axis (chained volume measures).
c) (3 marks) Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditure NMRK divided by Gross Domestic Product BKTL on the horizontal axis and gross Öxed capital formation NPQX divided by Gross Domestic Product BKTL on the vertical axis.
d) (3 marks) Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditure NMRU divided by Gross Domestic Product BKVT on the horizontal axis and gross Öxed capital formation NPQR divided by Gross Domestic Product BKVT on the vertical axis.

Part II 
Using U.S. Data
1.      Find the web site of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (part of the U.S. Department of Commerce) and go to the page with national accounts, located at: 
http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=1&isuri=1  

2.      In Section 1, select Table 1.1.5. 

3.      Press modify and request the table with annual data from 1929 to 2014 and press the button refresh table. 

4.      After the new chart appears, press "download" and save as xls. 

a)    (2 marks) Using the data from Table 1.1.5, create a scatter plot with nominal government consumption expenditures & gross investment on the horizontal axis and nominal gross private domestic investment on the vertical axis.
b) (2 marks) Select Table 1.1.6 and repeat the process above. Create a scatter plot with real government consumption expenditures & gross investment on the horizontal axis and gross private domestic investment on the vertical axis.
c) (3 marks) Use the data from Table 1.1.5 to calculate government consumption expenditures & gross investment and gross private domestic investment, each as fractions of GDP. Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditures & gross investment/GDP on the horizontal axis. and gross private domestic investment/GDP on the vertical axis.
d) (3 marks) Use the data from Table 1.1.6 to calculate government consumption expenditures & gross investment and gross private domestic investment, each as fractions of GDP. Create a scatter plot with government consumption expenditures & gross investment/GDP on the horizontal axis. and gross private domestic investment/GDP on the vertical axis.

Part III


a) (40 marks) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two politicians from rival parties who have seen the results from Part I and Part II. According to Rosencrantz the evidence plainly suggests that government expenditure crowds in investment, i.e. more government expenditure will inevitably cause higher investment. Guildenstern argues based on the same charts that government ex- penditure crowds out investment, i.e. the causation runs the other way. In 500 words or less, explain the patterns in the eight graphs you have produced and why the relationship appears so di§erent depending on whether you use nominal variables, real variables or a fraction of GDP. Who is right, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, or consider that perhaps neither is right?
b) (10 marks) For both Part I and Part II compare the patterns of the graphs in sections c) and d) where in each case the data is denominated as fractions of GDP. Do the patterns exactly match or do they di§er slightly? Explain why or why not.

Part IV 
Using World Data 
1.    Go to the website for the University of Pennsylvania World Tables 7.1: 
https://pwt.sas.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php Choose seven countries from the list, Canada, China (use version 2), Japan, the U.K. and three other countries where the Örst letters of two of the additional countries must correspond to your own initials. 
Example: Someone named John Smith might choose Jordan and Senegal or Jamaica and Seychelles. If a name begins with the letters W, X, or Y choose countries whose names begin with A or Z instead (do not worry if there is some missing data for particular countries). 

2.    Choose the variables P (Price Level of Gross Domestic Product) and XRAT (Exchange Rate) Choose the option ìadd allîfor years. 

3.    Under output format, choose ìcomma separated values .csvî. 


4.    Copy the result and then copy and paste the data into an excel spreadsheet. The data will all be sitting in one column so choose text to columns in the Data toolbar. Choose commas for the delineations and this will spread the data into the columns on the right. 

5.    Invert the variable P and multiply by 100, i.e. calculate 100/P. This is the Real Exchange Rate relative to the US$ as deÖned in page 587 of the Williamson textbook. 

6.    Normalise the value of XRAT so that the Örst year in the data series (usually 1950, but for some countries such as China it starts a few years later) is equal to 100/P. Then divide all subsequent values of XRAT by this normalised initial ratio of XRAT1950/RealExchangeRate1950. The idea here is to be able to compare the movements of the real and nominal exchange rates on the same axes. 


7.    (10 marks) Plot both the variables you calculated in 5 and 6 together in the same graph. (years on the horizontal axis, nominal and real exchange rates on the vertical axes). 


8. Answer the following questions, next to the graph or at the top of the spread-sheet:
(a)  (10 marks) According to your calculations which countriesíexchange rates are usually over-valued? Under-valued? Correspond to the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? 

(b)  (10 marks) What explains the di§erence between the nominal and real exchange rates, i.e. what is happening to relative prices? 


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Balance of Power Shifts in Groceries

Please read the article and answer the following questions.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/balance-of-power-shifts-in-groceries-1427414817?mod=djem_jiewr_MK_domainid
QUESTIONS:
1. (Introductory) What factors are contributing to the growth in companies like Amy's Kitchen?

2. (Advanced) What challenges do smaller food companies typically face when trying to get their products carried by large retailers like Kroger? How are these companies overcoming those challenges?

3. (Advanced) How would you expect companies like Kraft to respond to the competitive challenges that natural and organic food companies are presenting to their industry?

4. (Advanced) What are the career implications of the trends noted in this article?

When answering each question for an article, make sure you repeat each question with numbering (e.g., 1, 2, 3) followed by your original response

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Public Administration

Question I:
This week's readings provided a foundation of understanding of the budget development process. One of the key aspects is the link between financial success and organizational success.
Identify the need to develop a solid budget and how the budget is linked to goals that measure the organization's success.

Question II:
In today's challenging economic environment, how does the Public Safety administrator balance the continuing demand for service delivery with decreasing budgets?

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Computer Science: Database programming

Questions
1. Discuss the importance of data models.  
2. What is a business rule, and what is its purpose in data modeling?
3. What languages emerged to standardize the basic network data model, and why was such standardization important to users and designers?
4. Describe the basic features of the relational data model and discuss their importance to the end user and the designer.
5. Explain how the entity-relationship (ER) model helped produce a more structured relational database design environment.
6. Consider the scenario described by the statement “A customer can make many payments, but each payment is made by only one customer.” Use this scenario as the basis for an entity relationship diagram (ERD) representation.
7. Why is an object said to have greater semantic content than an entity?
8. What is the difference between an object and a class in the object-oriented data model (OODM)?
9. How would you model Question 7 with an OODM? (Use Figure 2.4 as your guide.)

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Multiple choice questions

Most questions are multiple choice-just need the answers
QUESTION 1
In the early Ptolemaic period, how were mouths often rendered on figures?
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5 points
QUESTION 2
During the early Ptolemaic period, the foreign kings continued to build temples consistent with Egyptian structural traditions instead of Hellenistic forms.
True
False
5 points
QUESTION 3
During the Ptolemaic period, rules governed the type of attributes of offerings. What were the objects that could be offered to male deities, and what could only be offered to female deities?
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10 points
QUESTION 4
At Edfu, the main cult center of the god ___________________, a living falcon was chosen was the reincarnation and was the main statue of decoration.
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5 points
QUESTION 5
This bull reincarnation increased in popularity during the Late and Ptolemaic Periods. Who does it represent, how is its divinity signified, and what are traditional markings on this type of statue?
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15 points
QUESTION 6
In the fourth century, burial chapels often had relief decoration in the lintel area above the doorways. What were the three themes that were most prominent?
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10 points
QUESTION 7
In figure representation through Ancient Egypt, the leg striding forward is always the ‘back’ leg, or leg furthest from the viewer.
True
False
5 points
QUESTION 8
The tomb of high priest Thoth Petosiris contains scenes were Egyptian and Hellenistic scenes were merged. Where were these scenes located within the temples and why?
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10 points
QUESTION 9
Statues of the goddess Nephthys were often placed in burials. However, in the Late and Ptolemaic period this figure changed how?
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5 points
QUESTION 10
On the grid systems, gods would hold their sceptres seven squares in front of their center axis, and goddesses would hold their papyrus scepters only six squares in front. What was the reason for this?
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5 points
QUESTION 11
Horus stelae, with images of young Horus standing on crocodiles and grasping snakes and other dangerous animals in his grasp, became increasingly common in the Ptolemaic period. What was their function?
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5 points
QUESTION 12
Statues of men during this period can be divided between those that are idealizing and those that are realistic. The realistic ones, likely derived from Hellenistic traditions, were identified how?
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5 points
QUESTION 13
What happened to the temples of Philae at Aswan in the 1960s?
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5 points
QUESTION 14
Sometimes during the Ptolemic period, royal cartouches were sometimes left blank in periods of disorder. According to our text, what was the reasoning behind this?
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5 points
QUESTION 15
Well-preserved wooden stelae from this period have a ba, or the spirit of the deceased, in the form of a _____________________ placed on top.

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Coursework

Provide a written paper discussing the questions below:

1.What are some of the factors that a logistics manager, or operations manager, or freight forwarder must consider in choosing to move freight from Asia into the U.S. or from Europe into the U.S. transportation systems?

2.What are some of the main characteristics the distribution of non-food goods purchased online have? How would you, as a retail logistics manager, overcome some of the challenges that you may face?

Note: Read Chapter 10 of book 2 and view the video below
http://www.youtube.com/v/ZbPMaxNl3J4?fs=1&hl=en_US

3. If there were a foreign country that you think we could use as a model to improve transportation infrastructure in the U.S., what country/countries would our model come from? Discuss the main qualities that would be adopted for transportation in the US (must be at least 250 words)

PNT400S Project Management 4

Project Assignment

Introduction

You are required to play the role of a project manager for an IT or ICT related project involving at least participants and running over a period of 3 to 6 months. Those candidates for this subject who have a background in software development or information technology management, are encouraged to choose projects in either software development; or perhaps a technology migration project involving a change of IT platform and applications. For the purpose of the aforementioned students, the IEEE Software Project Management Plan will serve as a suitable template for your document. Refer to the SPMP slides on Blackboard or search for extra information on the internet. Those candidates with a networking background are encouraged to identify a plan similar comprehensiveness -there are some possible examples available- which describes how to manage the construction of a network. Look to the SPMP as an example of how such a plan is structured.
Assessment
•    A requirement for at least 7 participants
•    Estimated overall duration of 3 to 6 months
•    IT related
•    Items which MUST be included are the following:
o    Outline according the IEEE SPMP standard
o    Project Charter
o    Lifecycle Model
o    Work Breakdown Structure, Estimates of effort, Allocation of resources to tasks and Cost assessments
o    Project Selection/Justification
o    Strategic Management and Tactical Management
o    Human Resources Management
o    Configuration Management
o    Rationale Management
o    Risk Management
o    Quality Management
o    Procurement Management
•    All projects for this assignment must be IT related.


•    SPMP overview document
•    Plus Detailed addenda concerning the following items must be included in the first submission:
o    Project Charter
o    Lifecycle Model
o    Work Breakdown Structure, Estimates of effort, Allocation of resources to tasks and Cost assessments
o    Project Selection/Justification
o    Configuration Management
o    Rationale Management
Detailed addenda to the SPMP concerning the following items must be included in the second submission:
•    Strategic Management and Tactical Management
•    Human Resources Management
•    Risk Management
•    Quality Management
•    Procurement Management

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